what percentage of jews died in the holocaust

[168] Longerich wrote in 2010 that the gradual increase in brutality and numbers killed between July and September 1941 suggests there was "no particular order". 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA Overall, U.S. teens correctly answer about the same number of questions (1.8, on average) as adults whose formal education ended with high school (1.7). No personnel were available or inclined to count Jewish deaths until the very end of World War II and the Nazi regime. From Germany they were sent by freight train to Auschwitz. About half or more of teens answer those questions correctly. According to Yad Vashem, some 3.3 million Jews lived in Poland on the eve of the Sept. 1, 1939 German invasion, and only 380,000 survived the war. U.S. Jews are more likely than atheists and agnostics to know how many Jews were killed in the Holocaust. [183] Romanian antisemitic legislation was not an attempt to placate the Germans, but rather entirely home-grown, preceding German hegemony and Nazi Germany itself. Sexual relationships between them were also criminalized; Jews were not allowed to employ German women under the age of 45 in their homes. [236] Heydrich told the meeting: "Another possible solution of the problem has now taken the place of emigration, i.e. [34] German troops destroyed villages throughout the Soviet Union,[360] rounded up civilians for forced labor in Germany, and caused famine by taking foodstuffs. An additional 18% mention concepts that are more loosely associated with the Holocaust, including the general idea of death (6%), the persecution (but not murder) of Jews (4%), or just something about Jewish people (4%). [176] Other Jews entered the concentration camp system after deportation from the Baltic States or Hungary. [85] Among the areas considered for possible resettlement were British Palestine and, after the war began, French Madagascar,[86] Siberia, and two reservations in Poland. [180][181], Holocaust victims of Germany's allies[182], Romania ranks first among Holocaust perpetrator countries other than Germany. The Holocaust in Ukraine - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum [104] Over 43,000 residents died there in 1941. Holocaust Is Fading From Memory, Survey Finds - New York Times Emigration from the Reich was ultimately banned in October 1941. [386] Estimates for the number of involuntary sterilizations during the whole of the Third Reich range from 300,000 to 400,000. Anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents was classified as a Jew. [364], A 1995 paper published by M. V. Filimoshin, an associate of the Russian Defense Ministry, put the civilian death toll in the regions occupied by Germany at 13.7million. [9], The first recorded use of the term holocaust in its modern sense was made in 1895 by The New York Times to describe the massacre of Armenian Christians by Ottoman forces. Vesna Drapac, Gareth Pritchard, Palgrave Publishing, Sep 16, 2017, "Where Memory is a Curse and Amnesia a Blessing: A Journey Through Romania's Holocaust Narrative", "Wannsee Conference and the 'Final Solution', "Jews captured by Waffen SS soldiers during the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising", "American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and Refugee Aid", "Major death marches and evacuations, 19441945", "The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain)", "Jewish losses during the Holocaust: By country", "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War", "Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe", "The trial of German major war criminals: proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany", "What was the Warsaw Uprising? Between the German invasion of the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941 and the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, Nazi Germany and its accomplices strove to murder every Jew under their domination. NDH leader Ante Paveli and the Ustae accepted Nazi demands. [269], Christian Gerlach writes that over three million Jews were murdered in 1942, the year that "marked the peak" of the mass murder. The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah,[a] was the genocide of European Jews during World WarII. [336] Publication of the VrbaWetzler report halted Hungarian government cooperation with Jewish deportations for several months and sparked international interventions that saved tens of thousands of lives. "[315][aa], Most neutral countries in Europe maintained a pro-German foreign policy during the war. [297] Polish and Jewish accounts stated that hundreds or thousands of Germans had been killed,[298] while the Germans reported 16 dead. [191] Although Jewish persecution was unsystematic within the pre-war borders of Romania, it was systematic in the Romanian occupied territories of the Soviet Union. [209] Officers from RSHA IV B4, a Gestapo unit, began deporting Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Documenting the Holocaust: Examples of Documents. Nearly three-in-ten Americans say they are not sure how many Jews died during the Holocaust, while one-in-ten overestimate the death toll, and 15% say that 3 million or fewer Jews were killed. [72][i] When vom Rath died on 9 November, the synagogue and Jewish shops in Dessau were attacked. German: "Wannsee-Protokoll". Remembering the Holocaust Through Eva Kor - News at IUPUI [36] The second half of the 19th century saw the emergence, in the German empire and Austria-Hungary, of the vlkisch movement, developed by such thinkers as Houston Stewart Chamberlain and Paul de Lagarde. Either the German authorities were a party to this outbreak or their powers over public order and a hooligan minority are not what they are proudly claimed to be. (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. The Germans called this "the final solution to the Jewish question." [330] Army leaders and economic managers complained about this diversion of resources and the killing of skilled Jewish workers,[331] but Nazi leaders rated ideological imperatives above economic considerations. [57] Jewish students were restricted by quotas from attending schools and universities. Because of this, few measures were taken against the Danish Jews before 1942. [220] The following day, Joseph Goebbels, the Reich Minister of Propaganda, noted in his diary: Regarding the Jewish question, the Fhrer is determined to clear the table. U.S. adults who say they have visited a Holocaust memorial or museum (27% of all respondents) correctly answer 2.9 questions right out of the four multiple-choice questions about the Holocaust. [54] On 7 April 1933, the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service was passed, which excluded Jews and other "non-Aryans" from the civil service. To accurately estimate the extent of human losses, scholars, Jewish organizations, and governmental agencies since the 1940s have relied on a variety of different records, such as census reports, captured German and Axis archives, and postwar investigations, to compile these statistics. Erie Holocaust Observance & Speaker on Antisemitism. About 350,000 Polish Jews survived the war; most survivors never lived in Nazi-occupied Poland, but lived in the Soviet-occupied zone of Poland during 1939 and 1940, and fled or were evacuated by the Soviets further east to avoid the German . [s], Christopher Browning argues that Hitler gave no order during the Reich Chancellery meeting but made clear that he had intended his 1939 warning to the Jews to be taken literally, and he signaled to party leaders that they could give appropriate orders to others. The Nazis kept detailed records of the people who passed through the camps; nevertheless, we do not know how many Jews may still have been unaccounted for in the many places where they were murdered. [263] In December 1939 and January 1940, gas vans equipped with gas cylinders and a sealed compartment had been used to kill disabled people in occupied Poland. He warned the Jews that if they were to cause another world war, it would lead to their destruction. One standout piece, the "Briolette of India," includes a 90-carat diamond . The Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide. The population data ranges from 1937-1941 so, for example, the countries where the figures came from 1937 may not accurately reflect the number of Jews at the time the war began. [288] This included individual collaboration as well as state collaboration. [292] Raul Hilberg accounted for this by evoking the history of Jewish persecution: compliance might avoid inflaming the situation until the onslaught abated. Most of the people surveyed (10,429) were members of Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel. With regard to the number of Jews who died in the Holocaust, best estimates for the breakdown of Jewish loss according to location of death follow: There is no single wartime document that contains the above cited estimates of Jewish deaths. Nearly two-thirds of US young adults unaware 6m Jews killed in the [39], After World War I (19141918), many Germans did not accept that their country had been defeated. [119], France had approximately 330,000 Jews, divided between the German-occupied north and the unoccupied collaborationist southern areas in Vichy France (named after the town Vichy), more than half this Jewish population were not French citizens, but refugees who had fled Nazi persecution in other countries. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. [184], At the end of 1937, the government of Octavian Goga came to power, Romania thus becoming the second overtly antisemitic state in Europe. The other approximately 200,000 people were predominantly made up of non-Jewish Poles, the mentally challenged,. On that day, Hitler gave a speech in his apartment at the Reich Chancellery to senior Nazi Party leaders: the Reichsleiter and the Gauleiter. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (known as the Claims Conference) was opened in New York, and after negotiations the claim was reduced to $845 million. [177] Despite many deaths, as many as 200,000 Jews survived the war inside the camp system. [366] Russian government sources currently cite these civilian casualty figures in their official statements. The event, titled "Day to Remember An . [84], Before World War II, Germany considered mass deportation from Europe of German, and later European, Jewry. Nazis murdered a quarter of Europe's Roma, but history still overlooks From mid-1942, as part of Sonderaktion 1005, prisoners at Auschwitz, Chelmno, Beec, Sobibr, and Treblinka were forced to exhume and burn bodies that had been buried, in part to hide the evidence, and in part because of the terrible smell pervading the camps and a fear that the drinking water would become polluted. [308] The Sonderkommando at crematorium II threw their Oberkapo into an oven when they heard the commotion, believing that a camp uprising had begun. [197] Within the city of Odessa, Jews were segregated to ghettos where they were later deported en masse, with the majority dying from disease, hunger and murder. [343] On 17 January 1945, 58,000 Auschwitz inmates were sent on a death march westwards;[344] when the camp was liberated by the Soviets on 27 January, they found just 7,000 inmates in the three main camps and 500 in subcamps. In addition to the 32 questions about religious topics, the survey included five factual questions to test knowledge of the Holocaust: one open-ended question and four multiple-choice questions. Key Facts 1 [67] The SS and SA smashed shops and stole cars belonging to Jews; Austrian police stood by, some already wearing swastika armbands. The General Government must become just as free of Jews as the Reich.". By March 1941 all Jews had lost their jobs and had their property confiscated. [76] At least 90 Jews were murdered. Erie Holocaust Observance & Speaker on Antisemitism The two most reliable sources for Holocaust data are the U.S. Types and Numbers of Nazi Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945 Estimated Deaths from Nazi Violence during World War II (by Group) Estimated Number of Prisoners and Survivors (by Extermination Camps) In early 1943, new gas chambers and crematoria were built to accommodate the numbers. Forced to retreat on 19 April from the OB and ZW fighters, they returned later that day under the command of SS General Jrgen Stroop (author of the Stroop Report about the uprising). The segregation of Jews in ghettos culminated in the policy of extermination the Nazis called the Final Solution to the Jewish Question, discussed by senior government officials at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin in January 1942. [158] In the Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre (Soviet Ukraine), nearly 24,000 Jews were killed between 27 and 30 August 1941. For example, non-Jews who correctly answer at least three of the four multiple-choice questions about the Holocaust rate Jews at a relatively warm 67 degrees on the feeling thermometer, on average. During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted and killed other groups, including at times their children, because of their perceived racial and biological inferiority: Roma (Gypsies), Germans with disabilities, and some of the Slavic peoples (especially Poles and Russians). He said that Poles "were the greatest allies of the Jews, and if it had not been for the Poles, many Jews would have died, many more than were killed in the Holocaust." According to Yad Vashem, around 3.3 million Jews lived in Poland on the eve of the Sept. 1, 1939 German invasion, and only 380,000 survived the war. [69] Around 7,000 Jewish businesses were "Aryanized", and all the legal restrictions on Jews in Germany were imposed in Austria. 1.32 Million Jews Were Killed in Just Three Months During the Holocaust *When a range of figures appears, the higher numbers wereuse to estimated percentages. This week, a new report by the Jerusalem-based think tank Jewish People Policy Institute (JPPI). Germany proper, including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, will have to be handled first due to the housing problem and additional social and political necessities. In the course of the practical execution of the Final Solution, Europe will be combed through from west to east. For example, all three surveys included a question asking approximately how many Jews were killed during the Holocaust. [52], Throughout the 1930s, the legal, economic, and social rights of Jews were steadily restricted. [286] The corpses700,000 in Treblinkawere burned on wood in open fire pits and the remaining bones crushed into powder. The Deutsches rzteblatt (a medical journal) reported on 6 April 1933: "Germans are to be treated by Germans only. [45] Nazi policies divided the population into two groups: the Volksgenossen ("national comrades") who belonged to the Volksgemeinschaft, and the Gemeinschaftsfremde ("community aliens") who did not. [141], In the Bulgarian annexed zones of Macedonia and Thrace, upon demand of the German authorities, the Bulgarians handed over the entire Jewish population, about 12,000 Jews to the military authorities, all were deported. From August 1941 they began to murder women and children too. Nearly half of Americans get at least three questions right, including one-quarter who correctly answer all four questions (24%). [272] Almost all arrivals at Beec, Sobibr and Treblinka were sent directly to the gas chambers,[273] with individuals occasionally selected to replace dead workers. In Lithuania, by contrast, the pogroms were carried out by organized Lithuanian paramilitaries. According to Haaretz, the writer Yehuda Erez may have been the first to describe events in Germany as the shoah. The French had planned to try Grynszpan for murder, but the German invasion in 1940 interrupted the proceedings. [299] According to Gwardia Ludowa, a Polish resistance newspaper, in May 1943: From behind the screen of smoke and fire, in which the ranks of fighting Jewish partisans are dying, the legend of the exceptional fighting qualities of the Germans is being undermined. [147] The point of the attacks was to destroy the local Communist Party leadership and therefore the state, including "Jews in the Party and State employment", and any "radical elements". [303] In the Biaystok Ghetto on 16 August, Jewish insurgents fought for five days when the Germans announced mass deportations. Because the Nazis advocated killing children of unwanted groups, childrenparticularly Jewish and Romani childrenwere especially vulnerable in the era of the Holocaust. Davar and later Haaretz both used the term in September 1939. [417] Although blacks in Germany and German-occupied Europe were subjected to incarceration, sterilization and murder, there was no program to kill them as a group. [68] Jews were forced to perform humiliating acts such as scrubbing the streets or cleaning toilets while wearing tefillin. After opposition from both the government and public, eight non-Finnish Jews were deported in late 1942; only one survived the war. [153], Einsatzgruppe A arrived in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) with Army Group North; Einsatzgruppe B in Belarus with Army Group Center; Einsatzgruppe C in Ukraine with Army Group South; and Einsatzgruppe D went further south into Ukraine with the 11th Army. After the war this program came to be known as Aktion T4,[388] named after Tiergartenstrae4, the address of a villa in the Berlin borough of Tiergarten, where the various organizations involved were headquartered. [202] When this became public, the Orthodox Church and many Bulgarians protested, and King Boris III canceled the plans. An additional 542 respondents were sampled from the Ipsos KnowledgePanel all of them Jewish, Mormon or Hispanic Protestant, to bolster the samples for these subgroups. [111] Although German soldiers and paramilitary units were present in the vicinity of many of the pogromsalthough not all of themtheir role in instigating violence is controversial. [163] Christopher Browning reports that on 1 August 1941, the SS Cavalry Brigade passed an order to its units: "Explicit order by RF-SS [Heinrich Himmler, Reichsfhrer-SS]. the evacuation of the Jews to the East, provided that the Fuehrer gives the appropriate approval in advance. [87][j] Palestine was the only location to which any German resettlement plan produced results, via the Haavara Agreement between the Zionist Federation of Germany and the German government. [305] Around 300 inmates escaped (out of 600 in the main camp), but 100 were recaptured and shot. Film Reviews. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout occupied Europe, and within territories controlled by Germany's allies. [398] Unlike Jews, who were predominantly transported to and murdered in mass extermination camps, Romanies outside the Reich were mostly massacred in smaller groups of several hundred or less, in many different places; together with the exclusion of Romanies from most contemporary European censuses, this makes it impossible for historians to determine the precise number of Romani victims in Poland, Yugoslavia, White Ruthenia and Ukraine, the regions in which most are thought to have been killed. See here for details. [353], The most commonly cited death toll for Jews is six million. "[60], On 15 September 1935, the Reichstag passed the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, known as the Nuremberg Laws. [407] Between 2,700 and 3,300 were sent to the camps, where 1,400 died. [citation needed], As the Soviet armed forces advanced, the SS closed down the camps in eastern Poland and tried to conceal what had happened. Inflaming the anti-Jewish sentiment was the apparent over-representation of Jews in the leadership of communist revolutionary governments in Europe, such as Ernst Toller, head of a short-lived revolutionary government in Bavaria. [372], On 7 September 1939, Reinhard Heydrich stated that all Polish nobles, clergy, and Jews were to be murdered. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. Remembering the German 'Holocaust by Bullets' in Belarus Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [379], The economic strain of the Great Depression led Protestant charities and some members of the German medical establishment to advocate compulsory sterilization of the "incurable" mentally and physically disabled,[381] people the Nazis called Lebensunwertes Leben (life unworthy of life). On a feeling thermometer designed to gauge sentiments toward a variety of groups, nine-in-ten non-Jewish respondents who underestimate the Holocausts death toll express neutralor warm feelings toward Jews, while just one-in-ten give Jews a cold rating. [289] Stone writes that "many European states, under the extreme circumstances of World War II, took upon themselves the task of solving the 'Jewish question' in their own way. The open-ended question asked: As far as you know, what does the Holocaust refer to? and invited respondents to write their answers in their own words. The margin of sampling error for the full sample is plus or minus 1.5 percentage points. The single most important thing to keep in mind when attempting to document numbers of victims of the Holocaust is that no one master list of those who perished exists anywhere in the world. The 2019 Pew Research Center survey is not the first research conducted to assess how much American adults know about the Holocaust. [132][133][134], In the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), the Nazi regime demanded that its rulers, the Ustae, adopt antisemitic racial policies, persecute Jews and set up several concentration camps. Even after the Reformation, Catholicism and Lutheranism continued to persecute Jews, accusing them of blood libels and subjecting them to pogroms and expulsions. The best known is the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in April 1943, when the Germans arrived to send the remaining inhabitants to extermination camps. The Truth About Poland's Role in the Holocaust - The Atlantic Despite this, calculating the exact numbers of individuals who were killed as the result of Nazi policies is an impossible task. Jews were forced out of their jobs and had to register with the government. [127] Germany's inability to defeat Britain, something that was obvious to the Germans by September 1940, prevented the movement of Jews across the seas,[128] and the Foreign Ministry abandoned the plan in February 1942. At least 800,000 Jews died in Nazi ghettos and 150,000 Jews died in other concentration camps. To prevent panic, they were told the gas chambers were showers or delousing chambers. By the end of April 1941 the Ustae required all Jews to wear insignia, typically a yellow Star of David[136] and started confiscating Jewish property in October 1941. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. The "Holocaust by Bullets" in Ukraine - The National WWII Museum [d] The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Beec, Chemno, Majdanek, Sobibr, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.[5]. In Belgium, Romania, Luxembourg, Norway and Estonia, the figure was about 50 percent. The destruction of the Jews must be its necessary consequence. These camps were often of a temporary nature and typically overseen by civilian authorities. Though the two institutions have different estimates, if you average the total number of Jews each says were murdered, the result is the commonly used figure of six million. [145], Between early fall 1941 and late spring 1942, Jrgen Matthus writes, 2million of the 3.5million Soviet POWs captured by the Wehrmacht had been executed or had died of neglect and abuse. Rosenberg's vision of a secretive Jewish conspiracy ruling the world would influence Hitler's views of Jews by making them the driving force behind communism. [277], At Auschwitz, after the chambers were filled, the doors were shut and pellets of Zyklon-B were dropped into the chambers through vents,[278] releasing toxic prussic acid. "[64] By the end of 1934, 50,000 German Jews had left Germany,[65] and by the end of 1938, approximately half the German Jewish population had left. Between 15 May and early July 1944, 437,000 Jews were deported, mostly to Auschwitz, where most of them were murdered by gas; there were four transports a day, each carrying 3,000 people. [144] The war was driven by the need for resources, including, according to David Cesarani, agricultural land to feed Germany, natural resources for German industry, and control over Europe's largest oil fields. Germany had a policy of forced confiscation of food that resulted in famine deaths of an estimated 6% of the population, or 4.1million. | DW | 30 July 2017", "Poster promoting the Nazi monthly publication, "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich", 'Elsa Conrad Margarete Rosenberg Mary Pnjer Henny Schermann', Homophobie und Devianz: weibliche und mnnliche Homosexualitt im Nationalsozialismus, "Elsa Conrad (18871963) Constellations Brises", "Payment Programme of the Foundation EVZ", "Holocaust Reparations: Germany to Pay 772 Million Euros to Survivors", "Pour le rle de la SNCF dans la Shoah, Paris va verser 100 000 euros chaque dport amricain", "France responsible for sending Jews to concentration camps, says court", "How Americans Described Evil Before Hitler", "Appendix 6: Estimated Losses in the Holocaust", Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 19331949, "The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews", "Not a slippery slope or sudden subversion: German medicine and National Socialism in 1933", "Bibliographic Classification of Documents Dealing with the Subject 'Holocaust', "Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, JuneDecember 1941", Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, Persecution of Jews during the Black Death, The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP), Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), National Socialist German Doctors' League, National Socialist League for Physical Exercise (NSRL), Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation, German National Movement in Liechtenstein, National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, Nationalist Liberation Alliance (Argentina), South African Gentile National Socialist Movement, Interminority racism in the United States, Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent, Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction, Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc, Canadian Indian residential school system, Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, Violence against Hindus in independent India, Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust&oldid=1152441904, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023, Articles lacking reliable references from April 2023, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Deaths caused by the result of direct, intentional actions of violence, Deaths due to famine and disease in the occupied regions, This page was last edited on 30 April 2023, at 07:36.
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