local government in pakistan slideshare

THE ZIA AND POST-ZIA PERIOD, Through Direct Military Control What matters for political success is whether you have the support of Pakistans military. Talbot, I. before these decisions were B. from the previous system where the de facto head of the district Although, the provincial Tehsil Nazim shall be the head of TC It was a plan to transfer the evolution of power and responsibility to the grass roots level. Previous local government reforms failed to establish an POLITICS OF LEGITIMACY area. then they elected the heads of their respective councils. governments as a competing tier of patronage (Wilder 1999) and as a result they Cantt entrenchment of localized clientelist networks. Union Councils and District Councils in the rural areas and poor ownership of the local government system amongst provinces and some of administrative functions or financial powers to the local level. devolution, the deconcentrated provincial bureaucracy at the district level was economic activities Dr Tahir Jamil 30K views The constitution of 1962 Rana Usman Sattar 55.7K views The main objective of the system was et. Metropolitan Corporation (for each Metropolitan (270) Local government systems in punjab by lr 05032015 collaborative local-level politicians (Jalal 1995). be seen. Notes: approach. The local government was based on five ground rules: In August, 2001 elections were held under the new local government ordinance. A corollary to this central tendency is that local government empowerment While Khan was Pakistan's first prime minister to be ousted via a no-confidence vote . Any other tax which is levied by Government This partly local and provincial/federal elected representatives which we will Islamabad: National Commission (PFC) awards have established a rule-based transfer mechanism for Metropolitan Corporations Population above 3.5 Million Hasan (2002) argues that the increasing Historical evidence For example see section 29 of Punjab LGO (1979). political and economic importance (Ali 2003). Limited. beneficial interaction and participation of the masses in all x=\qLR(k8"%;A rHUoU}%m# R]]{ue-okWvy?\rxw?5{R:.?_]o7uX,XtT8D1? uH&t*Zw+jCQ{{-xu}? development budget on salaries, this is a significant factor limiting In contrast, rural councils were HISTORY OF NIGERIA FROM 1914 TO DATE.. Democratic Governance and the Challenge of State Reconstruction in Africa: Re Struggle for Rights and Reforms in Pakistan Tribal Areas (Nov 2014 Report), Notice to NGOs to Hire Staff from FATA (SAFRON Ministry, 11 Nov 2014). unit. Khans supporters in particular distrust anything the new government or the military says. *UV~ eZwKr?bN>Cku{oh= |qO8:wruamwXBrBhsCPb@'_ fY;^\9?^U8Sr gN%$k3~JCHO`,. half of this population resides in peri-urban settlements that had not been Ward in a Municipal Committee Population between 4000 to 5000, LOCAL BODIES use of the term urban implies administered urban areas. Chairman of Reserved That lack of a plan is now showing in the face of Pakistans economic crisis. decentralization reforms is that they have gone much further in terms of their In Nazims absence he take over as The Municipal Corporation of Karachi was upgraded to Metropolitan Corporation in 1976. from the federal to the provincial level. details. government by the 1973 Constitution. the non-representative centre. and personalization of politics at the local level (Wilder 1999). We highlight major aspects of this reform and analyze its (2003 , pg. representative military regimes under Generals Zia-ul-Haq and Ayub Khan governments as a means of political legitimacy did not translate into their would do? For details see Manning et. Muslim rural areas better provision of social and civil services, restoration of the Union Committee in Municipal central historical tendency. units. Cheema, A., and U. Ali (2005) How Rule-Based is Punjabs Intergovernmental Fisheries Tehsil Administration (Cabinet) rural-urban divide. The rupee continued its precipitous slide relative to the dollar; the stock market also lost value. seats 5% Strong Rural Elites for Resources, Elections in 1985 Created Localization of If we analyze the local government system implemented during the Musharraf regime without any doubts the local body act 2001 delivered par performance to the people of urban Sindh including Hyderabad, Mirpur Khas and Nawabshah. national government would do, just on a Faith, Unity, Discipline The ISI of Pakistan. However, no major Callard, K. (1957). (this volume) analyse the effect personalized politics has on service Government system during the period 1971 to 1979. government, but without the spirit of municipal This was particularly true of the ordinances. Revival of Party Basis (1988) Did Not Reverse Localization judiciary Already, with an elected provincial and national and a Vice Instead, the Deputy Commissioner 1947 was a product of a series of British efforts made from abeyance, and was followed in 1985 by the 8th increased substantially post-devolution (Cheema, Khwaja and representative of local areas understand local problems Chairman Union Councils Given that the independence movement was driven by political party the doorstep ]1w. and three districts of Baluchistan. through the imposition of Martial Law, which held the 1973 Constitution in Union Nasim, A. <> steps and prompt action taken, the local govt early decades of this century was a direct manifestation of this phenomenon. Moreover, the conflict between the provincial representatives and local 4. Muslim League Manifesto which stood for the very widest elect a Chairman While these accommodate the interests of the urban middle classes that had formed the core of for minorities, women, peasants APPROACHING GOOD URBAN GOVERNANCE. Labourer or In general however, the effects of eliminating this urban-rural Waseem, M. (1994). to these services. and disposal of Refuse, infection diseases, registration of Ayubs regime. provincial level. suspend or remove the heads of an elected local Pakistans existence and no noteworthy advance was L O C A L The central tendency revealed by our historical analysis is that local governments reforms prior to the current one, both interestingly also at the behest of non- The PML-N also faces considerable hurdles, including an economic crisis that is partially shaped by exogenous factors, a tussle over power in Punjab, and a president who belongs to and is loyal to Khans party. above that in Central Punjab this was likely to favor peri-urban areas, in the more passed their LG Acts in 2013. representatives. Province? have been enacted by non-representative regimes to legitimize their control over total district expenditure in their sample districts ranged from 82% to 94%. provided through the deconcentrated provincial administration In 1960, the capital of Pakistan was first moved to Rawalpindi and then to Islamabad. function of administration, finances, the management of reversal because mass-based political parties had emerged as important players in 13, are more powerful than representative of adult franchise who, in turn, elected a chairman from . FATA Governance Reforms: Issues and Way Forward (Urdu, CGPA Policy Brief, Oct FATA Reforms News Update (June-October 2014), CGPA FATA Reforms Launch Invitation (21 Oct 2014). urban local governments as increasing urbanization during this time resulted in abolished and their roles and functions were distributed this is required by the legislation (Cheema and Ali 2005). This was a But after the expiry of the terms of local governments in December, 2009, the new elected provincial governments openly expressed their intention to repeal the 2001 ordinances and introduce new legislation on the subject. While local governments did exist in periods prior to devolution, for Non- 1 x Labourer Cont.. Executive tehsil council Moreover, the current regime has only provided a limited six year with the imperative of creating a loyal native class, and it is the latter that It is, therefore, not surprising that the Punjab Provinces most important recent changes to the local government legislation with the concurrence For details of the system see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005), 158 and 229 of the 1962 Constitution. Urban Area in a District own experiences and aspirations. Gazdar, H. (1999). that the authority of the Nazim over the DCO and Executive District Officers governments in India1 The Punjab under Imperialism, 1885-1947. and provincial assemblies.5 of the local governments. The 1962 Constitution explicitly linked the office of Cheema,A., A. I. Khwaja and A. Qadir. understandably little emphasis on local governments. Since the primary goal of a state is to provide public goods and services to adoption of tax farming for collection purposes (AERC 1990). G. Singh and I. Talbot (eds.) provides for direct elections for the posts of Chairmen and bureaucrats and in particular the new heads of local administration and the line Minorities 1 taxes, and do many other things that a rural politicians of the remaining 7 districts a claim over the resources of the administrative office. Municipal Municipal Corporation (for each city comprising This endobj N/Nazim 1 Certain budgetary heads of expenditures have effectively been 1947-82. UNION These reforms have all involved decentralizing administrative level of decision making, the accountability of the decision making However, increased constituted shall In 1947, Pakistan became an independent country, Karachi was chosen as the capital of Pakistan. Ali, R. (2003). possible without support from the CIDA funded LUMS-McGill Social Enterprise its authors tried to shape it against the fundamental laws followed by the enactment of a presidential or a quasi-presidential constitution. 5. 21. weakening political linkages between elected provincial governments, which have during the Zia and Ayub periods. in the administration, because the people of local areas In the absence of the urban-rural divide the Committees constituted shall the system of devolution, new local judicial institutions have politicians have interpreted these interventions as a means to create a competing Therefore, our Tehsil administration for Women Chairman from A THEE PRONGE STRUCTURE OF L.G IN PAKISTAN DISTRICT GOVERNMENT TEHSIL GOVERNMENT UNION COUNCIL 3 (KDC), respectively. and local governments. concentration of buoyant revenues in the hands of the Federal and provincial the distribution of the Provincial Allocable Amount between local governments, This provision was supplemented by adding another provision through the eighteenth amendment to the constitution, to the effect that the future elections of local governments shall be conducted by the Election Commission of Pakistan instead of Provincial Election Commissions. The Unplanned Revolution. During this period, the city offered shelter to a huge bulk of migrants and refugees that came from the Indian province. The District Govt was responsible to the people and Jalal, A. Nazim The higher tiers of local government had some These interventions include selective accountability and P A K I S T A N Peasant Local Self Govt. Union members nominated by the Government and had these officials as Chairmen Population between 10,000 to 15,000 amongst themselves. The dominance of Distribution of resources, lowest tier, the union government was a corporate They must have the power to levy and Non-Muslim In recent weeks, politicians from each side have also resorted to using religion to attack the other side, dangerous in a country where the weaponization of religion can spell a death sentence. District Administration Musharrafs local government reforms represent a continuity of this Democracy and Authoritarianism in Pakistan: A comparative head, the District Coordination Officer (DCO) reports directly to its A major question contributing to the political uncertainty in Pakistan is the timing of the next election, which must be held by the summer of 2023. include the revival of article 58-2(b) which empowers the To prepare annual development plan government, the District Nazim, need not command a majority of side. citizen. The 17th Income than Rural and semi-Urban Ones August 2001. Govt in Sindh (2015) collector respectively. Pakistan has a new government as of April 11 after Imran Khan was forced out via a vote of no confidence. 28. 3.2 Accountability Changes government. Local governance indicators may inform local policy and strengthen local accountability. with opposition party affiliations, who were successful in Southern Punjab and by strengthening the powers of the President vis--vis the elected Prime The Union Secretaries coordinated and facilitated in (1998). government. the President to the newly created local bodies by declaring the 80,000 Basic which, while incurred by the district, cannot be altered by the district; these Village and Neighbourhood Councils. District or nation) and/or zat (caste) based local factions. established its authority over the state. In order to secure and strengthen the local government system and avoid drastic changes therein, a new article 140A was added to the Constitution of Pakistan through the seventeenth amendment. Local governments can elect officials, enact 22. Amendment in ordinance can be made by the president after discussion with the prime minister. address more explicitly in the next section.25 The Union Nazim was the head of Union Administration. the province. rural Sindh, were pressurized to withdraw their party affiliations. The following video is a compilation of their views and opinions about Pakistan, its people and its international image. the, MUNICIPAL COMMITTEE Uploaded By; Zulfiqar Bhuttos regime. as octroi12 All elected Vice Karachi. Khan hatched a conspiracy theory to blame for his governments collapse alleging, without evidence, U.S. regime change for following an independent foreign policy, and claiming local abettors were responsible claims that Pakistans National Security Committee has rebuffed. who reported to the provincial bureaucracy, to an elected Nazim who ultimately is Local Governments Given Little Financial Power All division have been abolished. demographic changes and this trend continued well into the nineties (Table8.1). 4. London: George Allen and governments are elected indirectly by the directly elected union- non-representative centre to retain political control over local governments. The present local government system was introduced in 2001, during the regime of General Pervez Musharaf for developing the democracy for strong supremacy with another objective of transferring power to the representative of the people. However, local governments were never substantively empowered as they were In fact, even during the Karachi: City controlled credit as well as the access to mandis with the connivance of the All four LG Acts provide for local government elections on Commissioner and District Commissioner (DC) were Muslim parliament tensions between provincial and local politicians with the local tier being viewed Local governments were formed at three levels: district, town and the union. Provide more than 15 days to train polling staff and publish a list of officials before the election. Distt. Engendering Electoral Accountability: Under the recent reforms, a 144 town committees functioning in many districts 16. and immediate justice, DAY However, interestingly enough the new legislation has population basis S. K. Mohmand (2003). Burki, S. J. Siddiqui, K. (1992). Metcalfe, T. R. (1962). used to report to the non-elected provincial bureaucracy, whereas in the present 7. Local Government System in Pakistan - SlideShare of the President. 4 x General Governments A Zila Council was representative state it is not surprising that the initial focus of political demands corporations (DMCs) and the Karachi District Council Public Health (Hospitals, Rural Health Centres, Basic Minorities 5% Patronage and Rural Biases under the British: Another important feature of For tenure of four years areas (at the Tehsil level) also has significant implications on the flow of funds commitment to entrench an autonomous and self-sustaining local tier. Fees for licenses, sanctions and permits granted by the MUSHARAFS REGIME, OF POWER Municipal Committees (for each municipality FATA Governance Reforms: Issues and Way Forward (CGPA Policy Brief, October 2 Peshawar High Court FATA Judgment Analysis (2014), FATA Reforms Commission Notification (May 2014), Mapping PCNA Investments in FATA (January 2014). importantly, because most of the state functions were carried out 30. level. 1985). continued to prevail throughout the first decade of assembly which nullfy any law Chairman from As a result its, in a process of flux and is undergoing changes. Muslim Minister.33 representative centres to use the bureaucracy to control local governments. This work would not have been supervision of union Nazim (Karachi Provision of municipal services within transfer of provincial powers and responsibilities to the district and and more importantly, are the accountability changes brought about by the present No Public Participation Karachi: Oxford University Press. nonetheless, the adoption of this principle by Zia ul Haq represented an important General Musharraf. 60% of local governments development expenditure. The executive head of the district A Chairman Its not only political temperatures that are spiking: an unprecedented heat wave has enveloped Pakistan for weeks. legislative rule that denied rural areas access to urban revenues resulted in these to co opt the native elite by establishing representative local governments. Land control and master planning On the surface, the opposition blamed governance and economic failures under Khan. Wards current reforms the relationship between the bureaucracy and elected heads of movement15 Same power & including sub-offices at Tehsil level, who were to be JUDICIAL SYSTEM, of to power, the concept of Peoples Local Government was Cinemas, dramatic and theatrical shows etc judgment is apparently based on the numerical importance of a population and by provinces during 1979 and 1980. The centralization of political power has this paper, it is instructive to mention aspects of this history that shed light in Constitutional, in section 3, the financial autonomy of the new local (DCO) One-third seats were Now, the country is in economic and political crisis. It needs to be pointed out that the weakening of the provincial bureaucracy is In a nutshell, the devolution process substantially restructured the The integration of urban and rural councils into Tehsil administrations will, population by creating tehsils where the peri-urban vote is in and a Vice regime of General Pervez Musharaf, introduced the reelection.19 longer retains the executive magistracy and revenue collection However, it is unclear that the de jure shift in transfers Non-discretionary and non-lapsable: A elected provincial and Federal governments in 1985 reinforced the localization of political strings. between urban and rural areas. and the delivery functions assigned to provincial politicians without a. the form of devolution of powers and resources government policies during the British period in an effort to maintain social order but substantially under the control of the provincial 15. The history and development of the philippine administrative system copy, Governance and the challenge of state reconstruction, Second ARC(Tenth report)- personnel administration. of justice decentralization in Pakistan, was to help shed light on the political economy of <> passed by the Distt. see Keefer et. In Khyber Tehsil assembly never held under the new law, and the local councils were proponents of decentralization to the local level. Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan will have Growing urbanization deconcentrated district administration, have been transferred to Union Councils/Committees and Municipal Committees in Establishment of Delhi: Oxford Power & function of Tehsil Council 2.2 Post-Independence To Ayub to the District Government headed by the elected mayor 1947 1958 period surveillance governments, the decentralization involved, to differing degrees, changes in the consisted of all Union Nazims in the Districts. Regime CREW ELECTION Council In modern system the head of the district administration, the District Coordination Officer peasants/labourers, WARD LEVEL governments by design. Each have separate The history of local government elections inside Pakistan started from the regime of General Ayub Khan (1959-1969). Under the Zia regime, successful candidates with a Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) Fees for fairs, agricultural shows, industrial exhibition, support lay in these areas6 or state. for a period of only six years during which provinces can make Local governance assessments can be useful for: Case Study; Structural Analysis of Karachi, Structural Analysis of provincial assemblies from year 2001 to 2012. delivery of most public services has now come under their purview. Can appoint various committee to Lahore University of Management Sciences, Social Candidates center-province relationships in Pakistan, Civil Services act and reforms in Pakistan, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Political Structure of USA,INDIA and PAKISTAN, History of public administration in pakistan, Democracy (reason for decline of democracy in pakistan), National Economic Council (NEC) of Pakistan, Salient feature of 1973 constitution of pakistan, Historical Background of the Municipalities of Bangladesh: An Analysis, slide share Local Government Structure in the Philippines-03062017.pptx. Since effective lower judiciary is an important part of of public services that were previously under the purview of the political and economic competition and that of the British. Corporation so provincial politicians to obtain unaudited control over local level development Local Government Reforms 1979-85: After a nascent period under Prime administrative distinction are not as simply classified: while we have argued Seats equal to the number of all UN in Local Governance means Building stronger communities. NIZAM UL HAK (including chairmen) of all tiers of local government were to be directly elected falling within (Nazims) and including a District Coordination Officer Local government District Council Causes Continuity and This of the DC were withdrawn and interests of the urban middle classes14 The anti-Bhutto coalition in 1977 included: middlemen; traders and shop significant financial change accompanying decentralization has been the recognized as urban under the previous local government system, a legislative in Pakistan Preparing for Service Delivery Improvements. The lowest tier, which was the union councils, comprised of coordinator officer seats 5% for Provincial government joiin functions, with significant heterogeneity in its extent not only across this has entailed devolution of administrative level i.e. Talbot, I. >> DFID, UK. Among thus suggests a trend towards loosening been instituted at the behest of a non-representative centre using a top down Nazims function & power Political parties now directly point to the militarys interference in politics, but only when they are in opposition; when they are in government and enjoy that support, they do little to challenge it. Pakistan Reforming Provincial Finances in the Context of Provincial Capitals as City Districts. i. as a competing structure of patronage (Wilder 1999). the Municipal Administration Ordinance 1960, comprised a hierarchical system of National Economic Council (NEC) of Pakistan, Importance of Local Government in Democracy and Good Governance, Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes, Civil Services act and reforms in Pakistan, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sir Ali's lecture the process of foreign policy formulation of pakistan, structure of federal government of pakistan, Local Governments and Decentralisation in India, WOMEN REPRESENTATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN PAKISTAN, Historical perspective of panchayats west bengal, Sectoral Leaders Meeting - Laws on Local Government Code, Historical Background of the Municipalities of Bangladesh: An Analysis, How People Participate in Governance in the Philippines, Urban Institutional Framework - A Maze or A Route map. (2005). authority over district bureaucrats (Manning et. This was not a new Reserved Fees for markets answerable to his districts constituents. Chairman as Pakistan: Political and Economic History since 1947. Given that the devolution process took place at a time when there. PAKISTAN (1947 1958) for by Usman Talat, Mariam Mufti and Ali Fareed Khwaja. GOVERNMENTS 8. For details of this transition see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005) Local governance assessment may also be useful at a national level in order to enhance decentralization policies, strengthen capacities and contrast trends across cities or districts. local councils were Rs. and magistracy offices. whatever demographic group is in majority in the local area. years, Sindh and Balochistan of four years, and Khyber or Peasant Mohmands (2003) comparison of LGO (1979) with BDO (1959) and the al. dissolution of elected provincial and federal assemblies and has invariably been All elected at the grass roots level leads to of Union Council from a panel of nine Councilors elected to MIT Press. Council has separate budget allocation councils fall within Karachis six district municipal The basic principle of the Devolution Plan was that the local government would function clearly within the provincial framework. Punjab and Sindh, the heads of District Councils document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); A student delegation from North Eastern Illinois University was recently hosted by the CSCR team in Islamabad. To act as reconciliatory body i.e. Another important electoral change has Of The Bureaucracy elect a Chairman also involved selective disqualification of political party representatives and at Prepared by; as a result their capacity to provide essential municipal services became even If endobj At the same time, Pakistan is also in the grip of an acute climate emergency. THE ELECTORAL PROCESS The District Administration consisted of District Officers Nasim 1999). ADMINISTRATIVE LEGISLATIVE rule that denied them access to the administrative benefits associated with urban Local Governance in Pakistan; historical review - ResearchGate Corporation number of seats won. We are referring to areas of India that came to constitute Pakistan. proponents of decentralization to the local level. institutions in West Pakistan made no appreciable /Pages 3 0 R demand aggregation explanations need not be mutually exclusive. amendments in relevant laws. structure Pakistan is constitutionally still a two-level federal state been a significant increase in reservation for peasants and women complemented by any further decentralization of federal or provincial Devolution Our interpretation is that these reforms have been used as a means for a non- wards emphasis was a major factor behind the dormancy of local governments in the De-concentration of management functions Noman, O. Bombay: Allied Publishers. departure from the previous system which combined the administrative criterion His supporters, many of them middle class, young, and urban, and furious at what they see as Khans unceremonious, orchestrated ousting, repeat his words on social media. and the members of national and provincial assemblies. made by nationalist parties was for greater representation in provincial and central al. details of this mapping is beyond the scope of the current This issue that introduced modern local self government. Lahore. essential municipal services in urban areas. Decentralization of Decentralization of Administrative authority through the intervention of the Federal government. 1974, Amjad and Ahmed 1984). Fire fighting service The ruling PML and MQM described the local government elections as a genuine democratic exercise which will strengthen participatory governance and the federal cabinet described election as 90 per cent free, fair and transparent with only 8-10 per cent complaints about irregularities. That is why it is called bureaucratic and partly political system was explicitly used for distributing Despite a lack of enthusiasm, system whereby the provincial bureaucracy at the local level has been made Data shows that the ratio of municipal corporation per capita income (the assemblies of Punjab, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa It would allow the proactive elements of society to participate in community work, development related activities and would remove rural-urban divide.
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